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This, in turn, is expected to boost long-term growth and to improve the functioning of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Yet, powerful private and public interest groups have been able so far to stand in the way of this transformation. Most governments are torn between the benefits from CMU and the pressure of these interest groups. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 30 September 2024.